27. What is a solubility-product constant? How is it related to the equilibrium constant for the dissolving of a solid salt?

28. What factors affect the solubility of a salt in water? Why do these factors make predictions of solubilities difficult?

29. If chloride ion (e.g. from NaCI) is added to a saturated silver chloride solution, how will this affect the concentration of silver ions? How is this similar to the ion-product equilibrium for the dissociation of water?

30. How does acid enable the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate to proceed faster than it would occur in neutral solution?

31. In what ways are acid and base catalysis of ethyl acetate different? How are they similar?

32. Why is the transfer of H⁺ much faster than that of Na⁺ in a solution containing both ions?

PROBLEMS

1. What is the pH of a 0.01-molar NaOH solution?

2. What is the pH of a 10-10-molar HCl solution?

3. If a 0.10-molar acetic acid solution is 1.3% ionized, what is the pH of the solution? What is K_a for acetic acid? Compare your value with that in the table on Page 8.

4. If a 0.10-molar HF solution is 5.75% ionized, what is the pH of the solution? What is K_a for HF? Compare your value with that in the table on Page 8.

5. From the data in the table on Page 8, calculate the base-dissociation constant for ammonium hydroxide. Is undissociated NH₄OH really present in the solution? If not, what is the reaction for the production of ammonium ion and OH^-? What is the pH of a 0.0100-molar solution of ammonia?

6. A detergent box must bear a warning label if its contents will form a solution that has a pH greater than 11 because strong base degrades protein structure. Should a box bear such a label if the H⁺ concentration of a solution of its contents is found to be 2.5 X 10-12 mole per liter?