After
making the skeleton of s- bonds using
sp2 hybridization around carbons, four electrons and four p orbitals
in butadiene remain unused, and the p orbitals are arranged as in
the perspective drawing (a) at the upper left. As in benzene, these
p orbitals can be combined in several ways to produce various resonance
structures for the molecule. Four resonance structures are shown
in drawings (b) - (e) at left. All four carbon atoms are linked
in a delocalized electron system. Compounds with alternating single
and double bonds, in which p-electron delocalization can occur,
are called conjugated molecules. Whether linear or in closed rings,
conjugated molecules somewhat larger than butadiene or benzene have
the useful property of absorbing visible light, as we shall see
in the postscript. Linear conjugated molecules are used in the photoreceptors
of the eye, and both linear and aromatic conjugated molecules are
put to work in trapping light in photosynthesis.