APPENDIX

Substance

kcal mol^-1

kcal mol^-1

cal deg^-1 mol^-1

H (g)

52.089

48.575

27.393

H⁺ (aq)

0.0

0.0

0.0

H₂ (g)

0.0

0.0

31.211

Li (g)

37.07

29.19

33.143

Li (s)

0.0

0.0

6.70

Li⁺ (aq)

�66.554

�70.22

3.4

LiF (s)

�146.3

�139.6

8.57

LiCl (s)

�97.70

�91.7

(13.2)

LiBr (s)

�83.72

�81.2

(16.5)

Na (g)

25.98

18.67

36.715

Na (s)

0.0

0.0

12.2

Na⁺ (aq)

�57.279

�62.589

14.4

Na₂O (s)

�99.4

�90.0

17.4

NaOH(aq)

�112.24

�100.18

11.9

NaF (s)

�136.0

�129.3

14.0

NaCl (s)

�98.232

�91.785

17.3

NaBr (s)

�86.030

�83.1

NaI (s)

�68.84

�56.7

Na₂CO₃ (s)

�270.3

�250.4

32.5

K (g)

21.51

14.62

38.296

K (s)

0.0

0.0

15.2

K⁺ ( aq )

�60.04

�67.46

24.5

Rb (g)

20.51

13.35

40.628

Rb ( s )

0.0

0.0

16.6

Rb⁺ (aq)

�58.9

�67.45

29.7

Cs (g)

18.83

12.24

41.944

Cs (s)

0.0

0.0

19.8

Cs⁺(aq)

�59.2

�67.41

31.8

Be(g)

76.63

67.60

32.545

Be(s)

0.0

0.0

2.28

Be²⁺ (aq)

�93

�85.2

Mg (g)

35.9

27.6

35.504

Mg (s)

0.0

0.0

7.77

Mg²⁺ (aq)

�110.41

�108.99

�28.2

MgO (s)

�143.84

�136.13

6.4

MgCl₂ (s)

�153.40

�141.57

21.4

MgCl^.6H₂O ( s )

�597.42

�505.65

87.5

Ca (g)

46.04

37.98

36.99

Ca (s)

0.0

0.0

9.95

Ca²⁺ (aq)

�129.77

�132.18

�13.2

CaCO₃ (s,calcite)

�288.45

�269.78

22.2

CaCO₃ (s,aragonite)

�288.49

�269.53

21.2

Sr (g)

39.2

26.3

39.325

Sr (s)

0.0

0.0

13.0

Sr²⁺(aq)

�130.38

�133.2

�9.4

Ba (g)

41.96

34.60

40.699

Ba(s)

0.0

0.0

16

Ba²⁺(aq)

�128.67

�134.0

3

BaO (s)

�133.4

�126.3

16.8

BaCO₃ (s)

�291.3

�272.2

26.8

Mn(s)

0.0

0.00

7.59

Mn²⁺ (aq)

�52.3

�53.4

�20.0

MnO₂ (s)

�124.5

�111.4

12.7

Fe (g)

96.68

85.76

43.11

Fe (s)

0.0

0.0

6.49

Fe²⁺ (aq)

�21.0

�20.30

�27.1

Fe³⁺ (aq)

�11.4

�2.53

�70.1

Fe₂O₃ (s, hematite)

�196.5

�177.1

21.5

Fe₃O₄ (s, magnetite)

�267.9

�242.4

35.0

Ni (s)

0.0

0.0

7.2

Ni₂⁺ (s)

�15.3

�11.1

�38.1

Cu(g)

81.52

72.04

39.744

Cu (s)

0.0

0.0

7.96

Cu⁺(aq)

(12.4)

12.0

(�6.3)

Cu₂⁺ (aq)

15.39

15.53

�23.6

CuS0₄ (S)

�184.00

�158.2

27.1

Ag (g)

69.12

59.84

41.3221

Ag (s)

0.0

0.0

10.206

AgCl (s)

�30.362

�26.224

22.97

AgNO₂ (s)

�10.605

4.744

30.62

AgNO₃ (s)

�29.43

�7.69

33.68

Zn (s)

0.0

0.0

9.95

Zn₂⁺(aq)

�36.43

_35.18

�25.45

ZnO (s)

�83.17

�75.06

10.5

Hg (g)

14.54

7.59

41.80

Hg(l)

0.0

0.0

18.5

HgCl.) (s)

�55.0

�44.4

(34.5)

Hg₂CI₂ (s)

�63.32

�50.35

46.8

B (g)

97.2

86.7

36.649

B (s)

0.0

0.0

1.56

Al (g)

75.0

65.3

39.303

Al (s)

0.0

0.0

6.769

Al₃⁺ (aq)

�125.4

�115.0

�74.9

AlCl₃ (s)

�166.2

�152.2

40

C (g)

171.698

160.845

37.761

C (s, diamond)

0.4532

0.6850

0.5829

C (s, graphite)

0.0

0.0

1.3609

CO (g)

-26.4157

-32.8079

47.301

CO₂ (g)

-94.0518

-94.2598

51.061

CO₂ (aq)

�98.69

�92.31

29.0

CH₄ (g)

�17.889

�12.140

44.50

CF₄ (g)

�223.00

�212.34

62.50

CCl₄ (g)

-24.00

�13.92

74.12

C₂H₂ (g)

54.194

50.0

47.997

C₂H₄ (g)

12.496

16.282

52.45

C₂H₆ (g)

�20.236

�7.860

54.85

C₂H₆(g) cyclopropane

12.74

24.95

56.75

C₃H₈ (g)

�24.82

�5.61

64.51

C₄H₈ (g) cyclobutane

6.37

26.30

63.43

n-C₄H_l0 (g)

�29.81

�3.75

74.10

i-C₄H_l0 (g)

�31.45

�4.30

70.42

C₅H_l0 (g) cyclopentane

�18.46

9.23

70.00

C₆H₆ (g)

19.820

30.989

64.34

C₆H₆ (l)

11.718

29.756

41.30

C₆H₁₂ (g) cyclohexane

�29.43

7.59

71.28

n-C₈H₁₈ (g)

�49.82

3.92

111.55

n-C₈H₁₈ (l)

�59-74

1.55

86.23

HCOOH (g)

�86.67

�80.24

60.0

HCOOH (l)

�97.8

�82.7

30.82

HCOOH (aq)

�98.0

�85.1

39.1

HCOO^- (aq)

�98.0

�80.0

21.9

H₂CO₃ (aq)

�167.0

�149.00

45.7

H₂CO₃ (aq)

�165.18

�140.31

22.7

C0₃^2- (aq)

�161.63

�126.22

�12.7

CH₃COOH (l)

�116.4

�93.8

38.2

CH₃COOH (aq)

�116.743

�95.51

CH₃COO- (aq)

�116.843

�89.02

HCHO (g)

�27.7

�26.2

52.26

HCHO (aq)

�31.0

CH₃OH (g)

�48.10

�38.70

56.8

CH₃OH (l)

�57.036

�39.75

30.3

CH₃OH (aq)

�58.77

�41.88

31.63

CH₃OCH₃ (g)

�43.99

�26.99

63.83

C₂H₅OH (g)

�56.27

�40.30

67.4

C₂H₅OH (l)

�66.356

�41.77

38.4

CH₃CHO (g)

�39.76

�31.96

63.5

CH₃CHO (aq)

�49.88

C₆H₁₂O₆ (s) glucose

�301.2

�219.7

69.04

C₁₈H₃₂O₂ (s) stearic acid

�226.8

Si (g)

88.04

77.41

40.120

Si (s)

0.0

0.0

4.47

SiO₂ (s, quartz)

�205.4

�192.4

10.00

Ge (g)

78.44

69.50

40.106

Ge (s)

o 0

0.0

10.14

Sn (g)

72

64

40.245

Sn (s, gray)

0.6

1.1

10.7

Sn (s, white)

0.0

0.0

12.3

Pb (g)

46.34

38.47

41.890

Pb (s)

0.0

0.0

15.51

Pb2⁺ (aq)

0.39

�5.81

5.1

PbSO₄ (s)

�219.50

�193.89

35.2

PbO₂ (s)

�66.12

�52.34

18.3

N (g)

112.965

108.870

36.6145

N₂ (g)

0.0

0.0

45.767

NO (g)

21.600

20.719

50.339

NO₂ (g)

8.091

12.390

57.47

NO₂ (aq)

�25.4

�8.25

29.9

NO^- (aq)

�49.372

�26.43

35.0

N₂O

19.49

24.76

52.58

N₂0₄ (g)

2.309

23.491

72.73

N₂O₅ (s)

�10.0

32

27.1

HNO (I)

�41.40

�19.10

37.19

HNO₃ (aq)

�49.37

�26.41

35.0

NH₃ (g)

�11.04

�3.976

46.01

NH₃ (aq)

�19.32

�6.36

26.3

NH₄ (aq)

�31.74

�19.00

26.97

NH₄Cl (s)

�75.38

�48.73

22.6

(NH₄)₂SO₄ (s)

�281.86

�215.19

52.65

(NH₂)₂CO (s)

�79.63

_47.12

25.00

(NH₂)₂CO (aq)

�76.30

�48.72

41.55

P (g)

75.18

66.71

38.98

P (s, white)

0.0

0.0

10.6

P (s, red)

�4.4

�3-3

(7-0)

P₄ (g)

13.12

5.82

66.90

PCl₃ (g)

�73.22

�68.42

74.49

PCl₅ (g)

�95.35

-77.57

84.3

As (g)

60.64

50.74

41.62

As (s, grey metal)

0.0

0.0

8.4

As₄ (g)

35.7

25.2

69

O (g)

59.159

54.994

38.469

O₂ (g)

0.0

0.0

49.003

O₃(g)

34.0

39.06

56.8

OH^- (aq)

�54.957

�37.595

�2.52

H₂0 (g)

�57.798

�54.635

45.106

H₂O ( I)

�68.317

�56.690

16.716

S (g)

53.25

43.57

40.085

S (s, rhombic)

0.0

0.0

7.62

S (s, monoclinic)

0.071

0.023

7.78

SO₂ (g)

�70.96

-71.79

�

S^2- (aq)

10.0

20.0

S0₄^2- (aq)

�216.90

�177.34

4.1

H₂S (g)

�4.815

�7.892

49.15

H₂S (aq)

�9 4

�6.54

29.2

F (g)

18.3

14.2

37.917

F^- (aq)

�78.66

�66.08

�2.3

F₂ (g)

0.0

0.0

48.6

HF (g)

�64.2

�64.7

41.47

Cl (g)

29.012

25.192

39.457

Cl^- (aq)

�40.023

�31.350

13.2

Cl₂ (g)

0.0

0.0

53.286

HCl (g)

�22.063

�22.769

44.617

HCl (aq)

�40.023

�31.350

13.2

Br (g)

26.71

19.69

41.8052

Br^- (aq)

�28.90

�24.574

19.29

Br₂ (g)

7.34

0.751

58.639

Br₂ (I)

0.0

0.0

36.4

HBr (g)

�8.66

�12.72

47.437

I (g)

25.482

16.766

43.184

I^- (aq)

�13.37

�12.35

26.14

I₂ (g)

14.876

4.63

62.280

I₂ (s)

0.0

0.0

27.9

I₂ (aq)

5.0

3.926

HI (g)

6.2

0.31

49.314

ICl (g)

4.2

�1.32

59.12

IBr (g)

9.75

0.91

61.8

He (g)

0.0

0.0

30.13

Ne (g)

0.0

0 0

34 45

Ar (g)

0.0

0.0

36.98

Kr (g)

0.0

0.0

39.19

Xe(g)

0.0

4053

Rn (g)

0.0

0.0

42.10